Narrowing the Thesis Essays

Narrowing the Thesis Essays Narrowing the Thesis Essay Narrowing the Thesis Essay Essay Topic: Thesis Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Narrowing the Thesis A thesis statement shows the position of a writer. The goal of the statement is to give a general overview of the writer’s point of persuasion. A concise thesis statement not only communicates the writer’s main point but also sparks the curiosity of the reader. This will give the reader moral to read the rest of the essay. A reader is always faced with the challenge of narrowing his thesis within the scope of his argument. The aspect of narrowing the thesis statement refers to a writer’s ability to make a claim that aptly represents the ideas expressed in the essay. A writer’s inability to narrow his thesis statement influences his ability to communicate to the reader. A writer should be able to create an argument in his claim in order to give a narrow thesis statement. My thesis statement should not be a cliche. A narrow thesis statement carries the weight of persuading the reader to a particular perspective. Cliches water down the argumentative aspect of a claim. This is because they are familiar statements that provide no new angle to the subject matter of the essay. Such a thesis statement makes no effort to complicate the subject matter. As a writer, I should be able to look at the subject matter from more than one perspective. This will require creativity and innovation. This will enable me to come up with a strong claim that is devoid of conventional wisdom. Such a thesis statement will complicate the subject matter and subsequently give it a new perspective that represents my point of argument. Narrow thesis statements should be objective. This implies that a writer should not express personal opinions. The challenge of personal opinions is that they create no basis for arguments. This is because an individual’s opinion is hard to prove. As an effective writer, I should give a factual thesis statement. This means that I should treat my opinion as a hypothesis that is yet to be tested. This will eliminate the aspect of treating my ideas as infallible facts. However, I feel that it is important to strike the balance between one’s opinions and facts. This suggests that the facts represented in the thesis statement should not be devoid of one’s personal opinion. My personal opinion will help me to present the truth in a creative manner. One’s thesis statement should not make a broad claim. A general thesis statement is one that does not make a specific claim. This statement does not show the stand of the writer. The effect of this kind of statement is the creation of ambiguity in a reader’s mind. Various measures can assist in the avoidance of such ambiguity, as a writer. I feel that the best way to avoid making a general claim is by identifying a specific claim. This involves selecting a particular issue and showing my stand on the issue. Avoidance of complexities also leads a writer to give general claims. I can avoid giving a general thesis by converting my claim to one that makes a bold stand on the subject matter. A narrow thesis statement will not only represent facts but it will show the perspective of the writer. This kind of thesis statement should show the writer’s argument. While writing a thesis statement, I should be able to make an assertion on the subject matter. The assertion should be one with the ability to raise controversies. The claim should not be a fact that many will easily agree with but it should be one that people are likely to disagree with. A writer’s essay represents his argument. This then implies that in writing my thesis statement I should be able to bring out my point of argument. The thesis statement is the vessel through which a writer gives a reflection of the rest of the essay. It is an important part of the essay as it is the point where a writer expresses his point of argument. In making an effectives expression of one’s argument, a writer can be said to have narrowed his thesis. I have learnt that it is important to represent my argument in a manner that is not only concise but also creative. This will ensure that my thesis statement deliberately controls the rest of my essay.

Entropy vs. Atrophy

Entropy vs. Atrophy Entropy vs. Atrophy Entropy vs. Atrophy By Mark Nichol Entropy is the uncertainty or disorder in a system. In a technical sense, it is the gradual breakdown of energy and matter in the universe; in casual usage, it refers to degradation or disorder in any situation, or to chaos, disorganization, or randomness in general. The stem -tropy, from the Greek word trope, means â€Å"change† or â€Å"turn.† It’s easily confused with a similar-sounding but unrelated word: atrophy, which refers to physical or psychological decline: Atrophy, which serves as a verb as well, stems from the Greek word trephein, which means â€Å"to nourish†; the prefix a- indicates antonymic form, as in apolitical or atheism. Atrophy can also mean poor development or loss of a part of an animal or plant, and in that sense it’s related to dystrophy, which in general refers to a condition resulting from poor nutrition, though it’s more familiar as part of the phrase â€Å"muscular dystrophy†; that, by contrast, identifies a hereditary disease that results in wasting away of muscle tissue. Trophy, however, meaning â€Å"a prize† or â€Å"a memorial,† is despite the ph spelling from trope, not trephein. (It evolved from a second sense of trope as â€Å"a rout, a victory.†) It’s related, therefore, to the English word trope, which refers to a figure of speech or a clichà © (a â€Å"turn† of phrase); the primary sense of that word is â€Å"a device or theme,† as in a common and perhaps trite plot element in a war movie or a tearjerker. Trop- features at the head of other words, too: tropic, referring to the two parallel lines of latitude that cross over the tropics, and tropism, which means â€Å"a tendency, inclination, or propensity.† The syllable also appears in numerous medical and scientific terms, such as autotropism and somatotropin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Enterprise and Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Enterprise and Business Development - Essay Example (According to the poll of An IoS/Sunday Mirror MORI more than 5.8 people, during the election campaign of 1997, were influenced by the voting preferences of Richard, 36 percent of the readers of Financial Times said that their decision would be influenced by Richard choice. (The Independent Sunday, April 13, 1997 p19. Title: Election 1997: Taking Branson seriously.(Features) Author: Stephen Fay). Apparently no one could predict on July 18, 1950 when Richard Branson was born that this boy would become one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the history of Britain. He was born in the family that had had the long history of legal occupations. Three generations of Branson were educated as the lawyers (Daily Telegraph, Family Detective An investigation into our hidden histories. This week: Richard Branson., Weekend, May 14, 2005). It is doubtful whether he has inherited any of love or interest for law from his farther's side, but the experience and love for flying of his mother and aunt -Evette and Clare -might have influenced him and produced this well known desire for flight and adventure. Those people, who read his biography, understand that even in his early childhood he received an upbringing that infused him with pertinacity and alacrity - vital elements for every entrepreneur. His mother always tried to cultivate independence in Richard. According to Richard autobiography, she asked him to find the ways among the fields to their home, when he was four years old, she also several years later made him to cycle to another city situated fifty miles away in order to teach him the sense of the direction.; besides children in their family were taught to work hard, and not to be selfish. ( Richard Branson Autobiography, Chapter 1: A family that would have killed for each other. 1950 - 1963) In spite the fact that he was taught to be independent, his strong connection with his family as well as his upbringing in the spirit of collective and friendly team was, as one can guess, responsible for the difficult, unpalatable times that he experienced in Scaitcliffe -boarding school where he was sent by his parents ".. I loathed being sent away from home at such an early age, and have always vowed to myself that I would never send my children to boarding school until they were of an age to make up their own minds about it." ( Richard Branson Autobiography, Chapter 1: A family that would have killed for each other. 1950 - 1963). The problems were exacerbated by the fact that he suffered from dyslexia, though they were mitigated, up to the point by the fact that he excelled himself in sport. But after the injury of his knee he was unable to participate in any sport games, and because Richard could not rely solely on his academic records that were far from being brilliant he was s ent to another school- Cliff View House. He was not sucessfull there either, and in 1968 he had to leave the school with few qualifications. In 1971 he opened Virgin Mail Order Records. The Virgin Record- the byword of his success in business was found as an accident (Robert Scheinfeld , The Eleventh Element : the key to unlocking your master blueprint for wealth and success , p.116). By the time of the launching of V, Records project he had already had bad experience with the magazine that he

The dimensions that determine the quality of services Term Paper

The dimensions that determine the quality of services - Term Paper Example There are three dimensions that determine the quality of services which are: responsiveness, empathy and assurance. This paper will describe the dimensions. To avoid confrontations, most clients do not make direct complaints to businesses when not satisfied with their services. A more significant reason is that they are not accorded a convenient channel to complain and believe a complaint will not yield effective results in terms of a solution (Goetsch, 2010). To improve service quality and retain clients, attract new ones, and generate more business with the existing ones, service managers should encourage them to complain when things go wrong. This will clear the clients’ perception that organizations do not care to correct mistakes while demonstrating the willingness of the service providers to be helpful (Goetsch, 2010). Many organizations rely on the traditional, reactive recovery problem solving methods, where the process is initiated by the clients. However, the proactive methods where the organization initiates the process are more effective. Clients should be asked questions on how services may be improved and encouraged to use suggestion boxes and comment cards. With this approach and attitude from the providers, clients will have the comfort of knowing they are dealing with an organization that is willing to be helpful and responsive towards meeting their expectations (Goetsch, 2010). Organizations that do not display a willingness to help through effectively responding to complaints add to their service failures by failing the clients repetitively. Business organizations need to respond to clients’ requests and complaints by providing prompt and efficient services (Bhat, 2010). Timely deliveries convey a sense of responsibility and urgency and help build a client’s confidence and encourage repeat orders. Punctual responses also demonstrate to clients that their concerns are also the organizations concerns and they are given priority

Jack the Rippers identity Essay Example for Free

Jack the Rippers identity Essay INTRODUCTION In August 1888 a killer who became known as Jack the Ripper committed the first of a series of murders. To this day the identity of the killer remains a mystery. Five women were brutally killed in the East End of London, by a maniac who appeared to kill without warning and with no remorse. Why was the Ripper able to get away with his murders? Why were the police powerless to stop him? These are some of the questions that still puzzle Ripperologists who search for Jack the Rippers identity till this day, looking in old archives and books. ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Research and gain knowledge on: The development of the police forces in Britain in the nineteenth century. Law and order in London in the late nineteenth century. Whitechapel in the nineteenth century. With this knowledge you should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe law and order in London in the late nineteenth century. (15 Marks) 2. Why did the Whitechapel murders attract so much attention in 1888 (15 Marks) 3. Why were police unable to catch Jack the Ripper? (20 Marks) QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 DESCRIBE LAW AND ORDER IN LONDON IN THE NINETEENTH CENTRY. (15 Marks) Law and order in London in the late nineteenth century was at a developing level, with new acts introduced this century, the way law and order was dealt with changed as the century was coming to an end. During the early and mid nineteenth century, watchmen patrolled the streets of London and special constables- this was ineffective as the number of civilians living in London outnumbered those watchmen and constables to a great level. However, the introduction of the new Metropolitan Police Force in 1829 was set up to change the situation. The new police force put in place by Robert Peel, was first constructed of 3200 men, 17 divisions, 4 inspectors and 144 constables. As with any major introduction of something, there were many early problems for the police force. However, as the years past on, the Metropolitan Police force gained more experience, and was able to deal more effectively with defections of law and order. To gain the peoples popularity, the Police Force carefully chose the uniform for its constables. The force was given a blue uniform, with a tailcoat and a helmet, which replaced the tall hat in 1870. The blue colour of the uniform was chosen because Londoners disliked seeing the redcoats of the army, as this was associated with violence. Blue was the colour of the navy, which was given hero status because of their contribution to the British war effort. This, I believe was a good first step for the Met as it made the people appreciate and favour them. During the 1880s, the training of new police officers was unsatisfactory, much of the training was on the job and constables could often start their duty the following day. Ill training meant some police officers were inexperienced and couldnt deal efficiently with crime. This led to many incidents as the police disobeyed instructions. Ill policing also led to the serious incident named Bloody Sunday on the 13th November 1887. Above all, towards the end of the century, the police were seen as discriminating against Londoners of the lower classes and favouring people in the middle and upper class- this damaged their reputation. Detective work was also improved as the nineteenth century progressed. At first, there were only two inspectors and six sergeants. It was feared that detectives would sympathize and become too lenient with criminals and as a result of this- become corrupt. The late nineteenth century bought radical changes to detective work. In 1869, the National Criminal Record was set up and dealt with infamous criminals, thereby reducing the number of crimes. The Detective Department in London was revised in the late nineteenth century- this led to the creation of a Criminal Investigations Department (CID) in 1877. In a space of 5 years, the number of detectives increased by 78, as did the number of arrests made. Increasing the number of detectives alone was not enough, as this didnt increase the efficiency of their work. The detectives had to change the methods which they used in the early and mid nineteenth century in dealing with disreputable crimes. The detective methods did however change in 1879 in dealing with murder cases. Now, the body of a victim was not removed from its murder site, or anything else to do with it. These changes in the detective department showed that law and order was being enforced more efficiently and more criminals were being put to justice than before. Another aspect that increased the competence of detective work in the late nineteenth century was the introduction of forensics, finger printing and the Alphonse Bertillon method of identification. With these methods, detectives were able to examine primary or secondary sources got to with a murderer or victim in order to gather up evidence and find out who the murderer is. This was an important change because murderers could be identified not only by an obvious clue lying in the murder site- this consequently meant that murderers became more intimidated and frightened to carry out a killing. Overall, the development of the police force in London in the late nineteenth century can be described as improving but unsatisfactory. I believe that the improvements made to restore law and order was still insufficient. With the population of London at that time being 5,255,069- I think having only 1383 police officers on duty was ineffective. Regular patrols could not stop a determined criminal. The police force would need to increase its size by many times so as to provide resistance and intimidate criminals. Being in its infant years, I think only time will solve this matter; because as time passes, there will be improvements in technology, the police will gain more experience and improve their methods of dealing with crime. With the Jack the Ripper murders round the corner, a crime like this will be enough to show the police force what they are lacking, how they are lacking and what things need to be taken into consideration. QUESTION 2 WHY DID THE WHITECHAPEL MURDERS ATTRACT SO MUCH ATTENTION IN 1888? (15 Marks) In the space of two months or so, the residents of Whitechapel were horrified at the five murders that occurred in their area by a somewhat unremorseful sexual serial murderer that was unknown and could not be found. The mysterious murderer, who came to name himself Jack the Ripper became the focus of the press and media in late 1888, and attracted so much attention as he committed his rather graphic killings to prostitutes who lived on a day-to-day basis. In each of the five murders that the Ripper carried out; he brutally mutilated the prostitutes, taking out what ever organs out of their bodies using his debatable anatomical skill. In my opinion, I believe the Ripper did possess anatomical/surgical skill, as he was able to take out certain organs like the kidneys out of his victims bodies without causing meaningless cuts. He also used a long bladed knife similar to those used by surgeons while carrying out amputations. The Ripper used this skill while mutilating the bodies of Annie Chapman who had her small intestines withdrawn of her abdomen. Mary Kelly also had her internal organs removed because the Ripper had a lot of time to commit the mutilations as he was alone in a room and could have his privacy; away from public sight. I believe it was because of this reason- the ghastly mutilations on the prostitutes- that attracted the most attention to the people and police force as it showed what a determined murderer was capable of doing. Another aspect of the Jack the Ripper case that attracted so much attention in 1888 was Jack the Ripper himself. People were eager to know who the Ripper was, his identity, his background, and simply; why he targeted prostitutes and slashed, sliced and severed them the way he did. The letters that he sent to the police caused people and the police themselves to grow even more suspicious about the Ripper. For example, the Dear Boss letter made people think that he was American. He portrayed himself as a psychopath through this letter; informing the police of what he will do in the future, I shant quit ripping them till I do get buckled. All these queries were supposed to be answered by the Metropolitan Police Force; however, they werent able to catch the Ripper. This is the reason why the world press degraded them. British newspaper business were eager to sell more and more newspapers these days as the Education Act 1870 made it compulsory for everyone to attend school, meaning that now most of the British population was literate. The Fleet Street newspapers competed by writing articles, that more likely were incorrect and unreliable. However, the only thing that mattered to the newspapers at the time was selling, and as the British population was enthusiastic about the murders carried out by Jack the Ripper, they published incorrect material. This shows how much attention Jack the Ripper attracted, as to keep him in the minds of the British population, the very source that everyone depended on telling the truth, told a lie! The world press also played a big role in attracting attention to the murders. They deeply investigated the murders and at times produced false information and rumours that made the populace even more fearful and intimidated to stroll through the alleys of Whitechapel at night. Offering rewards was a tactic that the police used later on, which it previously thought was insufficient to collect evidence about Jack the Ripper and his whereabouts. By this, many people were attracted to the case and produced false evidence solely to get a reward in the end. This afterwards proved to be totally unsatisfactory as the police found the investigation harder as many people brought forward different and inconclusive information with regard to the identity of the Ripper. The double murders that took place in the night of the 30th of September 1888 also caused people to grow fearful and attentive in the East End of London. The first victim of the double murders was Elizabeth Stride who was found to have several cuts in the neck and windpipe. It was supposed that the horse and cart of Louis Diemschutz who worked near to the scene of the murder disturbed the Ripper. Because of this, the Ripper went and murdered a fourth prostitute named Catherine Eddowes less than half a mile away. What was peculiar about the Eddowes murder was not only that she had her intestines, left kidney and womb removed; but that written in chalk above the dead womans apron were the words: The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed For nothing. This could have been a genuine clue for the MPF as to who the Ripper was; as they could have seen whether the handwriting of this matched the handwriting of the letters he sent to the police. But before they could do so, Sir Charles Warren, Commissioner of the MPF ordered the writing to be removed immediately to prevent any anti-Semitic tension. Another reason why Jack the Ripper attracted so much attention, was because of the tension between political parties. A serial killer was out in the streets of London, killing innocent women, and sitting in Parliament were politicians who looked to be doing nothing about this. As a result of the Jack the Ripper murders, the poverty stricken area of Whitechapel was well known, and so was the poverty that the residents suffered. Opposition parties in the Government saw this as an opportunity, to attack the Government, in saying that the poverty that they (the government) had not solved was to blame for these murders. If there were no poverty in Whitechapel, then single women would not have had to result to prostitution, and Jack the Ripper would have had no prostitutes to murder. Jack the Ripper attracted so much attention, that even the politicians in Parliament were talking about his actions. In conclusion, I think that it was the way in which the prostitutes were brutally butchered, and the perplexity that the Metropolitan Police Force faced with dealing with the murders; are what engrossed so much attention in 1888. In particular, I think the murder of Mary Kelly- the last of the Ripper murders- is what attracted the majority of attention in the Ripper case as the victim was viciously mutilated. There were cuts all over her body and most internal organs had been removed. The breasts were also cut off as well as her uterus. The heart was removed and could not be located. Because of this, I think it was this murder that made people most fearful and kept the dark alleys of Whitechapel deserted at night as the people living their knew that a determined murderer could well be at their doorsteps next. QUESTION 3 WHY WERE THE POLICE UNABLE TO CATCH JACK THE RIPPER? (20 Marks) The police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper for several major reasons. It was mainly that the police did not know who or what they were dealing with. This was due to the fact that Jack the Ripper was the first serial killer to be reported on at such a scale. The police were unaware of the fact that they were dealing with a serial killer, and more importantly did not know what a serial killer was. Jack the Ripper was the first serial killer who had been focused on at such a scale by the newspapers or the media. This was mainly due to the fact that most of the adult population of the time were now able to read and write due to the Education Act 1870. This encouraged the newspapers to write more about the Ripper, sometimes quoting unreliable sources which were also used by the police, leading them to false leads. As more and more of the public were getting interested in the Ripper murders, newspapers felt that they had to publish something on the Ripper murders otherwise the public would loose interest and the newspaper company loose money. Hence the newspapers were forced into writing false/incorrect information in their articles. As the methods of investigation used by the police were still developing, and forensic science just starting, the Metropolitan police were unsure about how to conduct their investigation. As a result they resulted to any means possible and even took the false words of the newspapers as being true. Despite the fact that forensics experts of the time had visited the crime scenes and had drawn certain conclusions, the Metropolitan police still followed the false information published in the newspapers, despite the fact that it contradicted the conclusions drawn by the forensics experts. This shows how undeveloped the methods of investigation of the police was at the time as police were following information given by drunken lunatics who were giving witness accounts only to earn a little easy money, and based their witness accounts on the stereotypical image of the Ripper at the time to try and catch one of the most cunning and clever serial killers of all time. Another major factor why the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper was that their nature of investigation was too narrow and that they should have widened their scope. At first the Metropolitan police believed that Jack the Ripper was someone local, from the evidence shown from his knowledge of the layout of all the alleyways and roads of Whitechapel. This enabled him to move very quickly and freely around the Whitechapel area without the police being able to catch him. This was very important because by the time the body of Jack the Rippers next victim was discovered he would have been long gone. A rumour had been spread about a man known as Leather Apron as being the serial killer, Jack the Ripper. The police were intrigued by this information and were quick to respond. They arrested a man called John Pizer, a butcher from the Whitechapel area. He was foreign as many of the witness accounts suggested, and wore a leather apron, giving him the name Leather Apron. However he had an alibi, which cleared him of all charges. Again the police had followed false leads and had wasted more time. This then lead the police to believe that the murder was someone who was not from the Whitechapel area but could have had a job or another sort of connection within the area, because of his knowledge of the layout of Whitechapel. The police used many techniques to try and catch Jack the Ripper, however none of them succeeded. Firstly, the Metropolitan police increased the number of police officers and constables on the beat (on duty), each being placed within five minutes of walking distance of each other. However this did not work as the Ripper was still too quick for the Metropolitan police. Another method used by the police was to try and go undercover to catch Jack the Ripper. Some officers dressed up as prostitutes to try and lure Jack the Ripper into spending some time with them. However this did not work as there were no female officers at the time, and the men who dressed up still wore their typical police boots which were still recognisable despite the heavily polluted smog that filled the air, blowing their disguise. Again the police had wasted more time, as their method of investigation was still unreasonable. These thoughtless actions were not kept quiet. Jack the Ripper news attracted worldwide attention. These actions were even commented on in the New York Times, the London Police must be the stupidest police force in the World. This did not give a good impression of the Metropolitan police force. On conclusion the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper because of their lack of knowledge of serial killers and the undeveloped methods of investigation they used. When Jack the Ripper first started his campaign of murder, the police were unaware that they were dealing with a serial killer and more importantly did not know what a serial killer was. This was to the disadvantage to the police, as they did not know how to catch Jack the Ripper. Another factor why the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper was the little knowledge of forensic science that they had at the time. The police were uneducated in forensic science, and in many occasions altered the scene of the crime. Lastly, the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper because of the methods that they used. The police at the time were uneducated in undercover work as well. They did not know how to disguise themselves into the normal population to trap Jack the Ripper.

Karl Marx :: essays research papers fc

KARL MARX: HIS WORKS This paper will be about the main elements of Karl Marx’s work, which includes the Paris Manuscripts, which will focus on alienation. The Communist Manifesto, which will focus on Marx’s political and economic theories and Capital Vol. 1., Marx’s final work about how profits are made by the capitalist. Karl Marx was a liberal reformist who believed that capitalism could be reformed and inequality and exploitation of the working classes could be addressed and abolished. (Stones, p.22) . In 1844 Karl Marx wrote and published â€Å"The economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844†, better known as â€Å"The Paris Manuscripts.† This was Karl Marx’s first work, where he writes a study about alienation of workers. (Hughes p.27) What does one mean by alienation? Karl Marx states that the alienated person feels a lack of meaning in his life, or a lack of self-realization. (Hughes p.27) â€Å"One must understand, he argues, that there are three types of alienation. The first type of alienation is alienation from oneself. The second type of alienation is alienation from his fellow human beings. The third type of alienation is alienation from the world as a whole. These three forms of alienation are interconnected, and Karl Marx describes the connections between them. This is the core of his approach to the problem of alienation (Monthly Review, 2000, p.36-53). An example of alienation does not have to stem from the workplace, however. For example, I k now many persons who attend the same church as I do, but attend it for completely different reasons. I go to church to pray, to continue the family tradition, and to enjoy in the church functions. People go to church for a variety of reasons. People who attend the church only to be seen there and be superficially perceived as believers, are soon discovered and identified as such, and are usually alienated from the congregation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1844 Karl Marx met Fredrick Engels, another intellectual, and they became good friends and collaborators for life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Communist Manifesto was Karl Marx’s best-known work. The Communist Manifesto was intended to be a book easy to read and understand by the working class. (Manning, Lecture Notes) Karl Marx believed that if everyone understood what the bourgeoisie was doing in order to exploit the worker, the proletariat would unite and stage a revolution against the bourgeoisie. The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848, just before practically all of Europe became engulfed in revolution.

Industrial Relations Essay

Industrial relations has three faces: science building, problem solving, and ethical. [9] In the science building phase, industrial relations is part of the social sciences, and it seeks to understand the employment relationship and its institutions through high-quality, rigorous research. In this vein, industrial relations scholarship intersects with scholarship in labor economics, industrial sociology, labor and social history, human resource management, political science, law, and other areas. Industrial relations scholarship assumes that labor markets are not perfectly competitive and thus, in contrast to mainstream economic theory, employers typically have greater bargaining power than employees. Industrial relations scholarship also assumes that there are at least some inherent conflicts of interest between employers and employees (for example, higher wages versus higher profits) and thus, in contrast to scholarship in human resource management and organizational behavior, conflict is seen as a natural part of the employment relationship. Industrial relations scholars therefore frequently study the diverse institutional arrangements that characterize and shape the employment relationship—from norms and power structures on the shop floor, to employee voice mechanisms in the workplace, to collective bargaining arrangements at company, regional, or national level, to various levels of public policy and labor law regimes, to â€Å"varieties of capitalism† (such as corporatism, social democracy, and neoliberalism). When labor markets are seen as imperfect, and when the employment relationship includes conflicts of interest, then one cannot rely on markets or managers to always serve workers’ interests, and in extreme cases to prevent worker exploitation. Industrial relations scholars and practitioners therefore support institutional interventions to improve the workings of the employment relationship and to protect workers’ rights. The nature of these institutional interventions, however, differ between two camps within industrial relations. 10] The pluralist camp sees the employment relationship as a mixture of shared interests and conflicts of interests that are largely limited to the employment relationship. In the workplace, pluralists therefore champion grievance procedures, employee voice mechanisms such as works councils and labor unions, collective bargaining, and labor-management partnerships. In the policy arena, pluralists advocate for minimum wage laws, occupational health and safety standards, international labor standards, and other employment and labor laws and public policies. 11] These institutional interventions are all seen as methods for balancing the employment relationship to generate not only economic efficiency, but also employee equity and voice. [12] In contrast, the Marxist-inspired critical camp sees employer-employee conflicts of interest as sharply antagonistic and deeply embedded in the socio-political-economic system. From this perspective, the pursuit of a balanced employment relationship gives too much weight to employers’ interests, and instead deep-seated structural reforms are needed to change the sharply antagonistic employment relationship that is inherent within capitalism. Militant trade unions are thus frequently supported. History Industrial relations has its roots in the industrial revolution which created the modern employment relationship by spawning free labor markets and large-scale industrial organizations with thousands of wage workers. [9] As society wrestled with these massive economic and social changes, labor problems arose. Low wages, long working hours, monotonous and dangerous work, and abusive supervisory practices led to high employee turnover, violent strikes, and the threat of social instability. Intellectually, industrial relations was formed at the end of the 19th century as a middle ground between classical economics and Marxism, with Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb’s Industrial Democracy (1897) being the key intellectual work. Industrial relations thus rejected the classical econ. Institutionally, industrial relations was founded by John R. Commons when he created the first academic industrial relations program at the University of Wisconsin in 1920. Early financial support for the field came from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ho supported progressive labor-management relations in the aftermath of the bloody strike at a Rockefeller-owned coal mine in Colorado. In Britain, another progressive industrialist, Montague Burton, endowed chairs in industrial relations at Leeds, Cardiff and Cambridge in 1930, and the discipline was formalized in the 1950s with the formation of the Oxford School by Allan Flanders and Hugh Clegg. [13] Industrial relations was formed with a strong p roblem-solving orientation that rejected both the classical economists’ laissez faire solutions to labor problems and the Marxist solution of class revolution. It is this approach that underlies the New Deal legislation in the United States, such as the National Labor Relations Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act. Industrial relations scholars have described three major theoretical perspectives or frameworks, that contrast in their understanding and analysis of workplace relations. The three views are generally known as unitarism, pluralist and radical. Each offers a particular perception of workplace relations and will therefore interpret such events as workplace conflict, the role of unions and job regulation differently. The radical perspective is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"conflict model†, although this is somewhat ambiguous, as pluralism also tends to see conflict as inherent in workplaces. Radical theories are strongly identified with Marxist theories, although they are not limited to these. Pluralist perspective In pluralism, the organization is perceived as being made up of powerful and divergent sub-groups, each with its own legitimate loyalties and with their own set of objectives and leaders. In particular, the two predominant sub-groups in the pluralist perspective are the management and trade unions. Consequently, the role of management would lean less towards enforcing and controlling and more toward persuasion and co-ordination. Trade unions are deemed as legitimate representatives of employees, conflict is dealt by collective bargaining and is viewed not necessarily as a bad thing and, if managed, could in fact be channeled towards evolution and positive change. Unitarist perspective In unitarism, the organization is perceived as an integrated and harmonious whole with the ideal of â€Å"one happy family†, where management and other members of the staff all share a common purpose, emphasizing mutual cooperation. Furthermore, unitarism has a paternalistic approach where it demands loyalty of all employees, being predominantly managerial in its emphasis and application. Consequently, trade unions are deemed as unnecessary since the loyalty between employees and organizations are considered mutually exclusive, where there can’t be two sides of industry. Conflict is perceived as disruptive and the pathological result of agitators, interpersonal friction and communication breakdown. Marxist/Radical perspective This view of industrial relations looks at the nature of the capitalist society, where there is a fundamental division of interest between capital and labour, and sees workplace relations against this background. This perspective sees inequalities of power and economic wealth as having their roots in the nature of the capitalist economic system. Conflict is therefore seen as inevitable and trade unions are a natural response of workers to their exploitation by capital. Whilst there may be periods of acquiescence, the Marxist view would be that institutions of joint regulation would enhance rather than limit management’s position as they presume the continuation of capitalism rather than challenge it†¦ Industrial relations today By many accounts, industrial relations today is in crisis. 14][15][16] In academia, its traditional positions are threatened on one side by the dominance of mainstream economics and organizational behavior, and on the other by postmodernism. In policy-making circles, the industrial relations emphasis on institutional intervention is trumped by a neoliberal emphasis on the laissez faire promotion of free markets. In practice, labor unions are declining and fewer companies have industrial relations functions. The number of academic programs in industrial relations is therefore shrinking, and scholars are leaving the field for other areas, especially human resource management and organizational behavior. The importance of work, however, is stronger than ever, and the lessons of industrial relations remain vital. The challenge for industrial relations is to re-establish these connections with the broader academic, policy, and business worlds.

Oaklahoma Tornado

On Monday may 20th, 2013 a devastating tornado ripped through the small town of Moore, Oklahoma. This tornado was part of an outbreak of tornados that began in the plains on the 19th. Many towns were affected by Monday’s tornado however Moore got the brute of it. Moore is just 20 minutes south of Oklahoma City. The final death toll is 24 people; this was considered a miracle considering the amount of damage. Many rescue crews worked day and night to try to save as many people as they could. Everyone had to work together for it to be organized. Moore, Oklahoma is a town of 55,000 people. The first tornado warning was issued at exactly 2:40pm. This was 16 minutes before touch down of the massive twister. An average warning only goes out 8-10 minutes before a tornado. During this massive tornado outbreak, 28 tornados were reported touching down in the states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Illinois and Iowa. Tornados are rated on how severe they are on a scale called the Enhanced Fujita Scale, which is named after the man who invented it, Dr. Theodore Fujita. The Enhanced Fujita Scale goes from EF-0 (light damage) to EF-5 (incredible damage). EF-0 tornados are 65-85mph (105-137km/h) winds. EF-5 tornados are greater than 200mph (322km/h) winds. The national weather service originally classified the tornado that tore through Moore as an EF-4, but later changed it to an EF-5. This tornado was 2 miles wide at its widest point and traveled a 17 mile long path. Authorities said this was the deadliest tornado in the United States since 161 people died in Missouri 2 years ago. Over 13,000 homes were damaged or destroyed by this life shattering tornado. Originally 51 people were reported dead directly from the tornado and injuries sustained from it. That number later dropped to 24 people. It was said that bodies were counted multiple times in the field and reported but the official number came from the coroner’s office. Out of those 24 dead, 9 of them were children. 7 of those 9 children came were at the Plaza Tower Elementary school when it was turned to rubble. The Plaza Tower Elementary was smashed by the tornado sending many to the hospital. Hospital staff worked around the clock and called many extra workers in to help the overwhelming amount of people coming in. 299 were reported to be seen at any area hospitals. Moore Medical Center was evacuated after it was damaged from the storm. All patients were sent to either Norman Regional Hospital or Healthplex Hospital. Between those two 80 patients were seen for various traumatic injuries. Oklahoma University Medical Center treated 93 patients, 59 children and 34 adults. They treated injuries from minor cuts and lacerations to impalements and open fractures. St. Anthony Hospital treated 36 patients, 14 of them being children. They also transferred 3 patients to another hospital because of their injuries. 0 patients were reported to be seen at Integris Southwest Medical Center for trauma related injuries. On Tuesday 60 patients remained hospitalized following Monday’s tornado. Hospital staff worked nonstop to get done what needed to be done and to get people healed. Countless amounts of people came from all over to help. Some of the first to arrive were the first responders. Firefighters, EMS crews, police officers, the military and many more had to work together in a race against the clock looking for survivors and getting the injured help. Oklahoma army and air guard troops were activated to help search. Fire crews from all over Oklahoma came to help including the fire crew from Tinker Air Force base, which is the closest base to the affected area. 80 National Guard members were deployed for search and rescue. Because of the mass amounts of people coming to help the roads were packed. State Highway Patrol asked people not involved in search and rescue to stay off the roads so emergency responders can do their job. Firefighters used thermal imaging cameras (TIC) to find victims trapped in the rubble. Because crews worked all night the cameras helped see when it was too dark. The National Guard had other specialized equipment to also help. One of the first places searched was the Plaza Tower elementary. Rescuers pulled many children unharmed from the school and took them to a triage center set up in the parking lot. Cadaver dogs were used to sniff for survivors trapped in the rubble. At dawn new search and rescue teams moved switching out with 200 or so emergency responders who worked timelessly all night. Moore fire Chief, Gary Bird said they were going to search every building â€Å"at least 3 times†. After 24 hours he said he was confident there were no more suriviors or bodies. After a place or car was searched they were parked with a red X. An incident command system is needed in place of every disaster. In the case of a tornado everything needs to be smooth. The command post has to be located in the right spot. It must have good communication abilities and enough space for everyone to work. The command post should set up a place to receive 911 calls directly so they can quickly assign recon teams to where they are needed. It is also a good idea to have a TV at the post so they can watch what the news helicopters are covering and where needs the most attention. The Fire Department had an important role in the entire process. They have the tools and equiptment to extract vitims and 4Ãâ€"4 vehicals to access areas that others can not. EMS of course is very important. They were limited emergency treatment and transport so they did not become engaged in long rescues and so more patients can be seen in the hospital. EMT’s were limited to triage so the more advanced paramedics can do more treating en-route to the hospital. The police played a major role which was perimeter control. Many people wanted to see the damage which was getting in the way of workers. They also had to keep people back because of the hazards from downed power lines and natural gas leaks. Everyone that came to help played a role that was beneficial to everyone. This tornado was a terrible disaster. Mother Nature is a powerful thing and should never be under estimated. Everyone affected by this tornado is never going to forget this, but they all will get past it. The town of Moore will be rebuilt and stronger than before. All hospital staff will remember this day as one of the busiest days of their career. Incident command systems are always needed to be set up ASAP to get everything handled correctly and fluidly.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy Free Online Research Papers Narcolepsy is a devastating disorder that causes uncontrollable sleepiness and muscle weakness. It is the abnormal, uncontrollable tendency to sleep during the day. Someone with narcolepsy experiences episodes of uncontrollable sleepiness that may occur several times during a day. It usually occurs after eating, but may occur at any time, each sleep episode lasts for about fifteen minutes. The person then awakens refreshed, only to become tired within the next hour or so. I can somewhat relate to how narcoleptics feel because I have a somewhat similar, only not as severe sleeping disorder, sleep paralysis. Narcolepsy represents a neurological problem of sleep wake mechanisms in the brain. Some of it’s symptoms are; excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), desire to sleep longer than the usual seven to eight hours, attack of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep during the day that may cause attacks of muscle paralysis, memory loss, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone), and dream-like hallucinations. As a result of the muscle paralysis, various muscles in the body are affected. Also, because of the dream-like hallucinations the brain and mental status of the person is also affected. Though the worst symptom of all would have to be cataplexy, for it can cause a person’s muscles to completely give out, putting their life in danger with out warning. Though not all of these symptoms occur in all cases, in fact all of them occur in only ten percent of overall narcolepsy cases. Cataplexy is the most common symptom associated with narcolepsy, afflicting over seventy percent of patients. S leep paralysis comes next, occurring in 30 percent of cases, and hallucination comes last, which is present in only 25 percent of cases. Narcolepsy is usually diagnosed between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five. Unlike most diseases, narcolepsy affects men and women in equal numbers. Although the disease is not terminal it can still affect a person’s life greatly. Narcolepsy causes people to have trouble staying awake while doing simple activities, which affects a person’s daily life greatly. It mostly interferes with a person’s ability to work. For example, if you’re a student with narcolepsy it can cause you to lose focus easily, resulting in bad grades. Not only that, but the dream-like hallucinations that comes along with narcolepsy have caused some people to be driven mad, for they cannot discern what is reality and what is not. There are many ways of treating narcolepsy, both medical and non-medical. Some non-medical ways for narcoleptics to prevent sudden sleep attacks are; planning naps so that their body will feel rested when they need to stay awake. They can also take forced naps when they are drowsy to help them function normally. Consuming caffeine in moderation can also help a narcoleptic stay awake. Some medical treatments used for narcolepsy are stimulant pills such as dextroamphetamine, and methylphenidate. Though if a person has cataplexy, a physician will most likely prescribe and antidepressant to suppress the attacks of REM sleep. Some more complicated methods of treating narcolepsy includes cerebrospinal fluid removal, intrathecal injection of air, and X-ray irradiation. Various other effective treatments have been found and experimented on over time but even today the most common are antidepressants and dual stimulants are mostly used on people with narcolepsy. The most recent experiments o n narcolepsy has led researchers to believe that a lack of the brain chemical Orexin may be the root cause of narcolepsy. Though even today there is no cure for narcolepsy so all you can do is carefully treat it. If it is left untreated however, worse symptoms may be experienced such as microsleep, total paralysis, or a total muscular collapse. The first known cases of narcolepsy were reported in Germany in1877by a man named Westphal, and Fisher in the year 1878. The unusual connection between muscle weakness occurring along with extreme sleepiness were proved in their two reports. The muscle weakness is of course referring to cataplexy but it wasn’t given its name until the 1902 by a man named Loewenfeld. Narcolepsy was given its name by a man named Gelineau in 1880; he coined the term narcolepsy from the Greek words â€Å"narke† meaning â€Å"stupor† or â€Å"numbness,† and â€Å"lepsis,† meaning â€Å"to sleep†. Gelineau is also famous for recognizing the disorder as a specific clinical entity. In conclusion, even though narcolepsy is not a fatal neurological disease it still has serious repercussions if allowed to progress to a more advanced stage. It is also probably one of the most dangerous disorders with out a cure, for it entirely affects the brain and a wide range of muscles. In my opinion narcolepsy is one of the most horrible neurological diseases out there, for it completely takes away a person’s ability to function properly and can result in total paralysis, leaving the person to live out their life as a vegetable. Research Papers on NarcolepsyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Lifes What IfsThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentThe Fifth HorsemanThe Spring and AutumnGenetic EngineeringMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Overview of the Xiongnu Nomads

Overview of the Xiongnu Nomads Xiongnu was a multi-ethnic nomadic grouping from Central Asia which existed between about 300 B.C. and 450 A.D. Pronunciation:  SHIONG-nu Also Known  As:  Hsiung-nu The Great Wall The Xiongnu were based in what is now Mongolia and frequently raided south into China. They were such a threat that the first Qin Dynasty emperor, Qin Shi Huang, ordered the construction of huge fortifications along the northern border of China- fortifications that later were expanded into the Great Wall of China. An Ethnic Quandry Scholars have long debated the ethnic identity of the Xiongnu: Were they a Turkic people, Mongolian, Persian, or some mixture? In any case, they were a warrior people to be reckoned with. One ancient Chinese scholar, Sima Qian, wrote in the Records of the Grand Historian that the last emperor of the Xia Dynasty, who ruled sometime around 1600 B.C., was a Xiongnu man. However, it is impossible to prove or disprove this claim. The Han Dynasty Be that as it may, by 129 B.C., the new Han Dynasty decided to declare war against the troublesome Xiongnu. (The Han sought to re-establish trade along the Silk Road to the west and the Xiongnu made this a difficult task.) The balance of power between the two sides shifted over the next few centuries, but the Northern Xiongnu were driven out of Mongolia after the Battle of Ikh Bayan (89 A.D.), while the Southern Xiongnu were absorbed into Han China. The Plot Thickens Historians believe that the Northern Xiongnu continued west until they reached Europe under a new leader, Attila, and a new name, the Huns.

Research Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Research Topic - Essay Example Is it reasonable to allow technology to decide whether or not a particular race has the right to live and procreate? Thinking of it from a layman’s perspective, it appears that all of this is unfair. A couple has full right to decide whether or not it wants children, an individual has every right to be employed as long as his or her talents fit the eligibility for employment, a particular race has every right to inhabit the earth as do other races. Simple! Problems arise when these questions are answered from the perspective of an expert geneticist. He or she would think that a couple at risk of giving birth to a child with an untreatable disease should not bear children. A race with a recessive trait for a deadly disease should be monitored and the mating habits of its members should be modulated to avoid the multiplication of individuals with disease traits. This reasoning does not sound unfair at all! The problems become more complicated when these questions are answered fr om the perspective of a biased individual, especially one who has the power to influence or even make public policies, who may use such excuses to further his own selfish motives such as the discrimination against a particular race. It is at this threshold that technology takes an ugly turn. Genetic screening and its incorporation in public policy is a matter of widespread debate. Some of the ethical issues and controversies associated with this beneficial yet controversial biotechnological application are discussed here. The paper will introduce the technology of genetic screening, its implications and associated public policies. It will then discuss the ethical issues associated with the incorporation of this technology is public policy. The subject of ethics regarding genetic screening as public policy is vast and it is impossible to draft an exhaustive compilation, no matter how big. However, an attempt has been made here to review some of the most sensitive issues on the matter . 2. Genetic Screening – The Technology and Its Implications Consequent to the completion of the Human Genome Project and advances in the field of genetics, researchers have been successful in identifying genes related to diseases. Diagnostic tests have also been developed to detect such genes. These developments have seeded the â€Å"idea† that if genetic testing is done, it will be possible for healthy people to prevent future incidence of disease (Holtzmann and Shapiro, 1998). 2.1. Introduction to Genetic Screening and Genetic Testing Genetic testing is the process of detecting mutations in chromosomes and DNA (â€Å"Genetic Testing†, 2006). Laboratory analysis of human DNA is performed after isolating it from blood, amniotic fluid and cells in order to predict the risk of a disease, diagnose a specific genetic disease or identify if an individual is carrying a genetic disease. In addition to identifying alterations from DNA, molecular probes and functional b iochemical tests are also used to identify defective genes and proteins. This technology has been existent for almost half a century (Rodriguez, 2011). The earliest known application of this technology was for the identification of phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disease caused by an inborn error in the metabolism, causing the buildup of amino acid in the blood subsequently leading to impaired mental function (Rodriguez, 2011). The application of this technology later on extended to the detection of sickle cell anemia,